Церковь Богородицы Захумской близ Охрида. Ретроспективные тенденции поздневизантийской архитектуры
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18688/aa2212-10-66Ключевые слова:
поздневизантийская архитектура, Охрид, ретроспективизм, Заум, МакедонияАннотация
В статье развернутый стилистический анализ архитектурного решения церкви Богородицы Захумской (1361) дополнен контекстуальным анализом с привлечением имеющихся данных церковной и политической истории Охридской архиепископии и Сербии с 1330-х гг. и до конца XIV в. На основе полученных результатов выдвигается предположение, что Захумская церковь являет пример целенаправленного обращения к значимым раннепалеологовским памятникам Охрида, примыкающим к архитектурной традиции Эпира, а именно — к церкви Богородицы Перивлепты, что могло быть вызвано совпавшим стремлением ктиторов. Для правителя Охрида кесаря Гргура задужбина в эпирско-охридсдкой традиции, вероятно, была монументальной декларацией власти захумской династии в главном городе Охридской архиепископии, для амбициозного епископа Григория — заявлением о возрождении Охрида как духовного центра. Попытка уточнения роли и места Захумской церкви в локальной и региональной архитектурной традиции конца XIII–XIV вв. приводит к постановке концептуальной проблемы, касающейся сущности и конкретных проявлений ретроспективизма в поздневизантийском зодчестве. Ретроспективная тенденция прослеживается в воспроизведении более ранних решений и компилятивности поздневизантийской архитектуры, в ориентации на значимые образцы через цитирование отдельных элементов, и крайне редко — в дословном повторении этих образцов. В этом ряду Захумская церковь представляется интересным примером воспроизведения раннего местного памятника, интерпретированного в русле актуальных стилистических тенденций.
Исследование выполнено в рамках Плана фундаментальных научных исследований Минстроя России и РААСН на 2022 г., тема 1.1.1.2.
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