Об одном малоизученном стиле древнерусской вязи
Ключевые слова:
рукопись, заголовки, инициалы, вязь, лигатуры, монокондил, Азбука фряская, Ефремово Евангелие, Басовы, СтрогановыАннотация
Настоящая работа посвящена редкому и малоизученному стилю древнерусской вязи, которая имеет общность построения с монокондильными композициями. Ее письмо лучше всего определять как «стилизованное». Впервые этот стиль был выявлен в «Азбуке фряской» 1604 г. и считался «некнижным», предназначавшимся для гравирования на металлических изделиях, поскольку не были известны иные его примеры. Обнаружение случаев использования такой вязи в рукописных заголовках или иных элементах ряда древнерусских книжных и документальных памятников полностью изменило картину и привело к противоположным выводам.
В настоящее время, помимо «Азбуки фряской», известны еще три близких к ней по времени документа, содержащих примеры «стилизованной» вязи: Сборник знаменного пения РНБ Вяз. О.20, так называемое Ефремово Евангелие НМРТ КП–5833 и Азбука-свиток РНБ F.III.131. Палеографический анализ этих памятников показал, что все они относятся к первой четверти XVII в. Самым ранним из них является «Азбука фряская» (где в том числе помещены образцы, являющиеся основой для создания различных вязных текстов как в письменных памятниках, так и на бытовых предметах, принадлежавших Никите Григорьевичу Строганову), а создание орнамента в них связано с работой московских мастеров-профессионалов Оружейной палаты и Посольского приказа, выполнявших государственные заказы (в частности, Федор Сергеевич Басов, Парфений (Богдан) Перфирьев).
Этот стиль вязи являлся своеобразной локальной модой первой четверти XVII в. и впоследствии, по-видимому, распространения не получил. Возможно, его разработчиком был составитель «Азбуки фряской» 1604 г. Федор Сергеевич Басов.
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